Grammar

When the weather "does" (hacer) vs "is" (estar) vs "there is" (hay) when impersonal

Hace is usually used to describe the general "feel" of the weather — like it's warm, or cold, or windy. Hay and está are generally more specific. Bear in mind that hay will be followed by a noun, while está will be followed by an adjective There are also phrases which can use either está or an impersonal verb (see below Está lloviendo vs Llueve)

Spanish English
Hace calor (It is/"feels") hot
Hace frío (It is/"feels") cold
Hace fresco (It is/"feels") cool
Hace viento (It is/"feels") windy
Hace buen tiempo The weather (it is/"feels") nice
Hace mal tiempo The weather (it is/"feels") bad
Hace mucho sol (It is/"feels") very sunny
---------------- -------------------
Está nublado It is cloudy
Está soleado It is sunny
Está despejado It is clear
Está ventoso It is windy
Está tormentoso It is stormy
Está lloviendo It is raining
Está nevando It is snowing
Está soleado It is sunny
---------------- -------------------
Hay viento There's wind
Hay niebla There's fog
Hay truenos There's thunder
Hay relámpagos There's lightning
Hay tormenta There's a storm
---------------- -------------------
¡Llueve a cántaros! It's raining pitchers/buckets!
¡Me estoy congelando! I'm freezing
¡Es un horno! It's an oven!
¡Ay, qué calor! What heat!
¿Qué tiempo hace hoy? What's the weather like today?
Hoy hace mucho sol. Today it's very sunny
---------------- -------------------
Está lloviendo It is raining
Llueve It is raining
Está nevando It is snowing
Nieva It is snowing

Examples:

Reflexive verbs

Describe actions that a person carries out by themselves. They are used in combination with reflexive pronouns

When used with another verb which is conjugates, the reflexive verb is in its infinitive form

With some verbs, such as querer (to want) or poder (can) the reflexive pronoun can either be places before the first verb, or become attached to the end of the reflexive verb

With other verbs, such as preferir (to prefer) or necesitar (to need), it's only possible to attach the reflexive pronoun to the end of the reflexive verb

Reflexive pronouns me, te, se, nos, os, se

Spanish English
me myself
te yourself
se himself/herself/itself
nos ourselves
os yourselves
se themselves

Possessive pronouns mi, tu, su/sus, nuestro/nuestra, vuestro/vuestra

Singular Plural English
mi mis my
tu tus your
su sus her, his, your, its
nuestro, nuestra nuestros, nuestras our
*vuestro, vuestra *vuestros, vuestras your
su sus their, your

Object pronouns: me, te, lo, la, nos, os, los, las, le, les

A subject is the actor or "doer" of the verb action

What, who (singular), or who (plural) + is doing the action of the verb? ¿Qué, quién o quiénes + el verbo?

https://www.spanishdict.com/guide/direct-and-indirect-object-pronouns-in-spanish https://www.perplexity.ai/search/explain-spanish-object-pronoun-44MCgocISr2Tcv2ey_.xjA

Examples:

Los niños leen muchos libros. Los niños los leen. The boys read lots of books. The boys read them.

Marcos nos trajo la comida a nosotros. Marcos nos la trajo. Marcos brought the food to us. Marcos brought it to us.

Dame el control remoto. Damelo. Give me the remote control. Give it to me.

No quiero decirte la verdad. No quiero decírtela. I don’t want to tell you the truth. I don’t want to tell it to you.

Direct Object Pronouns

A direct object is the thing or person that directly receives or realizes the action of the verb directly. It answers the question "what?" or "whom?"

Direct object pronouns replace the direct object in a sentence, which is the person or thing receiving the action of the verb.

Me (yo): me You (tú): te Him/Her/It: lo/la Us: nos you all (mostly in Spain, informal): os them: los/las

Indirect Object Pronouns

An indirect object is the person or thing that receives the benefits of the verb action indirectly. It answers the question "to whom?" or "for whom?" the action is being done.

Indirect object pronouns replace the indirect object in a sentence, which is the recipient of the direct object. "le" and "les" change to "se" when used with "lo," "la," "los," or "las."

to/for me: me to/for you: te to/for him/her/it/you formal: le (differs from direct) to/for us: nos to/for you all (mostly in Spain, informal): os to/for them: les (differs from direct)

Prepositions

Spanish English
a to, at, from, by, on, for, upon
con with, to
de of, about, on, with, because of, by, at
en in, on, at
hacia towards, to, at about or around

Numbers

from 200 to 900 the numbers must match the noun quinientas páginas ochocientos pesos

v and b sound

quedar vs quedarse

quedamos en vernos vs nos vemos

Nos vemos esta semana/el viernes? Shall we meet this week/on Friday?
Cuando nos vemos? When we'll see each other?
"Entonces quedamos en vernos a las 2 en la estación, ¿verdad?" (So we agreed to meet at 2 at the station, right?)
"Nos vemos cuando llegues, avísame." (See you when you arrive, let me know.)
"Quedamos en vernos para discutir el proyecto la próxima semana." (We agreed to meet to discuss the project next week.)
"Nos vemos en la oficina." (See you at the office.)
"¿Quedamos en vernos antes del concierto para cenar?" (Shall we meet for dinner before the concert?)
"Bueno, me voy a casa. ¡Nos vemos, chicos!" (Well, I'm going home. See you, guys!)
"Quedamos en estudiar juntos." We're meeting up to study together.
"¿A qué hora nos vemos?" What time will we see (each other)?
"¿Como quedamos?" When and where shall we meet?

Google Translate Example

quedamos en vernos el jueves We agreed to meet on Thursday

Nos vemos el jueves See you on Thursday

como vs de

tambien (also/too) vs tampoco (neither)

Example 1:

Ana: Vivo aquí al lado.
María: ¿qué coincidencia! ¡Yo también!
Ana: I live next door.
María: What a coincidence! Me too!

Andrés: Trabajo en una tienda de juguetes.
Pablo: ¡Yo también!
Andrés: I work in a toy store.
Pablo: Me too!

Example 2:

Ana: Yo no vivo aquí.
María: yo tampoco.
Ana: I don’t live here.
María: Me neither. / Neither do I.

Andrés: Yo no trabajo en una tienda de ropa.
Pablo: Yo tampoco.
Andrés: I don’t work in a clothes store.
Pablo: Me neither. / Neither do I.

Example 3: (interesting!)

Nosotras tampoco hablamos inglés.
Nosotras tambien hablamos inglés.

Example 1:

Ana: Me gusta la playa.
María: A mí también.
Andrés: No me gustan los camarones.
Pedro: A mí tampoco.

el, la, los, las (the definite article) vs un, una, unos, unas (a indefinite article)

tomar vs beber

tomar: take (trip, medicine, photo, eat(Latin America)), take in (liquids), drink beber: general term for drinking, where drinking is the focus

In general, if you are talking about simply drinking a beverage, both "beber" and "tomar" can be used interchangeably. However, if you want to emphasize the act of drinking itself, "beber" might be more appropriate. If you are talking about having or taking a drink in a more casual way, "tomar" is often the preferred choice.

siguente vs proximo (next)

Siguiente and próximo are both adjectives that can mean next in English, but they take different time reference points. Siguiente takes a previously-mentioned or implied time element as its reference point. This means that siguiente can refer to past or future events. It can also be translated as “following” and is often used to refer to the next thing in a series, such as the next person in line.

On the other hand, próximo always uses the moment of speaking as the reference point. This means próximo can only refer to future events or actions, never to things that happened in the past. (next bus stop)

> El próximo lunes tenemos una reunión.
Next Monday we have a meeting.
> No me voy la próxima semana. Me voy la semana siguiente.
I’m not leaving next week. I’m leaving the following week.
> No me voy la próxima semana sino la siguiente.
I’m not leaving next week but the following.
> La siguiente pregunta es difícil
Next question is difficult

saber vs conocer

Saber is used to talk about facts or learned skills. You can use it to talk about information you've memorized or to say you are able to swim, draw, speak a language, etc.

Conocer is used to express familiarity (or lack thereof) with a person, place, or thing. For example you can know, or be familiar with, a book, a movie, a country, or a certain person.

In the preterite, both saber and conocer can have other meanings. Saber conjugated in the preterite can mean found out, and conocer conjugated in the preterite can translate as met.

To say you know something from memory/by heart, use saberse.

Conocer can be used with a reciprocal pronoun to refer to two or more people knowing or meeting each other.

Examples

Spanish English
lo sé I know
no saber ni papa de algo to not know the first thing about something
que yo sepa as far as I know
para que lo sepas just so you know
¡qué sé yo! how should I know!
sin saberlo yo without my knowledge
vete a saber your guess is as good as mine
a saber who knows
de haberlo sabido if I’d only known

encima de vs sobre

que

https://translate.google.com/details?sl=es&tl=en&text=que&op=translate

The Spanish 'G' pronunciation: is it a hard 'G' or 'J'-like

Hard 'G': before A, O, U, R, L

Soft 'G': before E or I vowels

Special cases

Practice

"c" and "g" pronunciation

"k", "w" pronunciation

k and w are generally used only in words borrowed from other languages

The Spanish LL pronunciation: is it a Y or a J sound?

Neither, it's regional (not even by country). may be even SH sounds (used in Argentina and Uruguay for example)

Notes